Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology
US Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika, Estados Unidos de América, États-Unis d'Amérique, Stati Uniti d'America, United States of America
Geographie, Geografía, Géographie, Geografia, Geography

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berkeley
Dictionary of Abbreviations and Acronyms in Geographic Information Systems, Cartography, and Remote Sensing

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georoots - Geological Dictionary

Geography (W3)

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histgeo - Geographische Geschichte

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iastate - Glossary of Geologic Terms

This glossary of geologic terms is based on the glossary in Earth: An Introduction to Geologic Change, by S. Judson and S.M. Richardson (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1995). Where possible, definitions conform generally, and in some cases specifically, to definitions given in Robert L Bates and Julia A Jackson (editors), Glossary of Geology, 3rd ed., American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1987.

infoplease - Geography Glossary

• Geography Glossary
• World Geography
• U.S. Geography
• Time Zones
• Explorers
• Everest Almanac
• Highest Mountains
• Oceans & Seas
• Earthquakes
• Travel Statistics
• More . . .

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nationalgeographic
GeoPedia

GeoPedia is a companion to our magazine feature stories. Each GeoPedia entry provides in-depth background material on a given topic, while maintaining National Geographic's vaunted standard of accuracy. It's a research tool with valuable links to the best resources. Ask our experts a question, share a link, or contribute your story ideas.

Features

• Light Pollution: Nighttime lights can block our view of the universe and change the rhythms of life on Earth.
• Crystal Giants: The astonishingly large Naica gypsum crystals lie deep below the Chihuahuan Desert in Mexico.
• Tarahumara: Tarahumara traditions vs. the chabochi way of life—can the two coexist?
• Muskwa-Kechika: This region is one of the most ecologically diverse and distinctive areas in North America.
• Elephant Seals: Male southern elephant seals are the largest pinnipeds in the world, larger even than walrus.
• Borneo: What can be done to save Borneo's disappearing forests?
• Bisphenol A: What are the health effects of Bisphenol A and how do you reduce exposure to this chemical?
• Neanderthals: Scientists use 3-D models of fossils to compare Neanderthals and modern humans.
• Bee-Eaters: This colorful bird feeds on bees without getting stung.
• Ozark Highland Trail: Motor vehicles, bicycles, and horses are banned on this 165-mile hiking route.
• Right Whales: The number of southern right whales has steadily increased over the last century.
• India's Highway: Super highways are changing daily life in India.
• Ancient Egyptian Origins: The science behind Egypt's genetic and cultural history.
• Soil: Only about 11 percent of Earth's land surface is suitable for farming, and demands on that land are increasing.
• Elephants of Samburu: Earth's largest living land mammals, African elephants, need a lot of space and food to survive.
• Sailfish: Read about some surprising uses for their "sails" and how they change their color almost instantly.
• Green Sahara: Two groups lived more than a thousand years apart in what was once a lush region.
• Bolivia's Women Wrestlers: Women are steadily gaining ground in the male dominated wrestling world.
• Ancient Soul of Iran: Archaeological evidence indicates that Iran has been inhabited for approximately 30,000 years.
• Bioko Island: One of Bioko Island's claims to fame is its primates, including six unique subspecies.
• Daisetsuzan: Japan's indigenous Ainu people called Daisetsuzan the "playground of the gods."
• Moscow at Night: Muscovites love their nightlife.The city of 10.5 million people boasts hundreds of packed clubs and bars.
• Target Earth: Rocky asteroids and icy comets have bombarded Earth since its formation 4.5 billion years ago.
• Virunga Gorillas: Ten gorillas were killed in Virunga National Park in 2007, caught in the human conflict of the region.
• Bolivia and the Altiplano: From varied to geography to a diverse population, Bolivia is a nation full of contrasts.
• Tyrannosaurs: In China’s Junggar Basin, the primitive ancestors of Tyrannosaurus rex are relatively small.
• Wildfires: Wildfires have scorched record acreage across the United States.
• Kingman Reef: Kingman Reef is an uninhabited, mostly submerged atoll reef located nearly one thousand miles south of Hawaii.
• Stonehenge: Construction on Stonehenge, a Neolithic monument on England's Salisbury Plain, began in the third millennium B.C.
• Siberian Oil: Russia is a major oil producer, and western Siberia provides almost 70 percent of the supply.
• World Oil: The world's oil supply is finite. The trillion-dollar question for experts is, When will the supply peak?
• Nudibranchs: Nudibranchs are shell-less marine mollusks. Some 6,000 species live in disparate habitats all over the world.
• Snow Leopard: The snow leopard, uncia uncia, lives a solitary life in remote areas of 12 Central Asian countries.
• Afghan's Treasures: Afghanistan, a nation with a rich history and rare, ancient artifacts, has long been a cultural crossroads.
• Last Colonies: Almost half a century after the UN called for independence for all colonies, 16 places are still ruled by foreign powers.
• China: Everything about China is big—its population, its area, and its labor force.
• The Sahel: Crossing one of the sub-Saharan savanna's unseen lines landed the writer in a Sudanese jail.
• Biomimetics: Burs on a dog's coat led to the invention of Velcro—that's an example of biomimetics.
• India's Rickshaws: The city of Kolkata has a love-hate relationship with its rickshaws.
• Na Pali Coast: Golden beaches and soaring cliffs make this rugged edge of Hawaii a paradise on Earth.
• Almost Human: The Fongoli chimps of Senegal will break off a branch, sharpen it with their teeth, and use it to hunt bush babies.
• Animal Minds: Brainy fellow creatures show that humans have company in the smarts department.
• Iceland's Heated Debate: Land-proud Icelanders struggle to protect their environment while expanding their economy.
• The God Particle: Will Europe's new giant atom smasher crack the physical universe's code?
• Pioneers of the Pacific: How did voyagers colonize the Pacific? Archaeologists are beginning to understand.
• Bhutan's Experiment: The Himalayan kingdom makes a daring move to democracy.
• The American Chestnut: New blight-resistant chestnuts could herald a rebirth of this American giant.
• Black Pharaohs: Nubian kings ruled ancient Egypt for decades, but their achievements are just being recognized.
• Mexico's Southern Border: For Central Americans heading north, crossing the other border can be dangerous.
• Philippine Eagles: With their habitat disappearing, can these exquisite raptors be saved?
• Drying of the West: A population boom and drought means water is in short supply.
• Outsiders in Afghanistan: Why the Hazaras are treated as the country's odd man—and woman—out.
• Basho's Trail: Following the path of Japan's haiku master brings his poetry to life.
• Extreme Weather: With global warming, old weather patterns are changing and anything can happen.
• Volcano Culture: Indonesia's fiery peaks dominate more than just the landscape.
• High-Tech Trash: The laptop you tossed might wind up overseas, toxic parts and all.
• Lowland Gorilla Family: For these Congo Basin gorillas, the search for food shapes family dynamics.
• Himalaya Winter Climb: Polish climbers take on Pakistan's deadly Nanga Parbat under the harshest conditions.
• India's Ancient Art: A gifted photographer brings fifth-century cave paintings to light.
• Emptied Prairie: North Dakota's ghost towns tell a story of migration and decline.
• The Politics of Adoption: The international map of adoption is being redrawn as the U.S. becomes a full participant in the Hague Conventin.
• Bizarre Dinosaurs: Sickle-shaped toenails? Domed skulls? Fossils reveal dinosaurs' evolutionary secrets.
• Bethlehem 2007 A.D.: Jesus' birthplace is today one of the most contentious sites on Earth.
• Wings of the Albatross: With the longest wingspan of any bird, the albatross is built to fly.
• 21st-Century Cowboys: What makes these men and women feel at home on the range?
• Permafrost: Millennia-old permafrost formations may not last forever. Time and temperature will tell.
• The Geography of Religion: A regional look at the world's major religions.
• Memory: Aging isn't the only factor responsible for memory loss. Why does memory fail—and how to preserve it?

nga
NGA GEOnet Names Server (GNS)
Putting a Name to a Place

GNS Search | GNDB | What's New? | What's Coming? | About GNS | Research & Reference | Country Files | Bulletins | General Policy | Briefings and Conferences | Miscellaneous | Country Policy | Romanization Systems | Undersea Features | ACUF Information | Tips on the GNS | Submit Proposal | Additional Resources | Related Links | US Resources | International | Help | Getting Started | Terminology Guide | Results Output Format | GIS Compatible Format | Browser Problems | Contact Us FAQ

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NGM (W3)

On the evening of January 13, 1888, thirty-three men traveled on foot, horseback, and in horsedrawn carriages through the streets of Washington to the Cosmos Club, then on Lafayette Square across from the White House. They convened around a large mahogany table to discuss “the advisability of organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge.” The entity they were about to create would become the largest nonprofit scientific and educational institution in the world.

The group included geographers, explorers, teachers, lawyers, cartographers, military officers, and financiers—all learned, well-traveled men distinguished by a love of knowledge and a thirst for discovery and achievement. As one of them pointed out, they were the “first explorers of the Grand Canyon and the Yellowstone, those who had carried the American flag farthest north, who had measured the altitude of our famous mountains, traced the windings of our coasts and rivers, determined the distribution of flora and fauna, enlightened us in the customs of the aborigines, and marked out the path of storm and flood.”

The men embodied an era that was marked by exploration, discovery, invention, and change. Massive industrial expansion and immigration were altering the face of the country, infusing people with new ideas and values. Americans were energetic, ambitious, optimistic, and curious for new information about the world around them. It was clear to the men assembled at the Cosmos Club that a vehicle was needed to satisfy that desire for knowledge.

They readily approved a resolution that the Society be organized “on as broad and liberal a basis in regard to qualifications for membership as is consistent with its own well-being and the dignity of the science it represents.” Over the next two weeks a constitution and plan of organization were prepared, and on January 27, 1888, the "National Geographic Society" was officially incorporated.

Its first president was Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer, financier, and philanthropist who helped found a school for the deaf and promoted the experiments of his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell. Acknowledging in his introductory address that he was neither “a scientific man, nor...a geographer,” Hubbard stated, “By my election you notify the public that the membership of our Society will not be confined to professional geographers, but will include that large number who, like myself, desire to promote special researches by others, and to diffuse the knowledge so gained, among men, so that we may all know more of the world upon which we live.”

Nine months after the Society was founded, the first "NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC magazine" was published. A studious, scientific journal with a nondescript, dull-brown cover, it bore no resemblance to the color-illustrated periodical it would come to be. On its first two pages, however, was an announcement stating the mission that was to guide the Society and its magazine for the next century and beyond:

“The ‘National Geographic Society’ has been organized ‘to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge,’ and the publication of a Magazine has been determined upon as one means of accomplishing these purposes. As it is not intended to be simply the organ of the Society, its pages will be open to all persons interested in geography, in the hope that it may become a channel of intercommunication, stimulate geographic investigation and prove an acceptable medium for the publication of results.”

After more than a century the National Geographic Society today is propelled by new concerns: the alarming lack of geographic knowledge among our nation’s young people and the pressing need to protect the planet’s natural resources. As our mission grows in urgency and scope, the Society continues to develop new and exciting vehicles for broadening our reach and enhancing our legendary ability to bring the world to our millions of members.

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Select your free National Geographic email newsletters below.

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• Adventure Magazine: Plan your next trip today! Get great discounts on adventure-travel trips and cool new gear from the pages of Adventure.
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• National Geographic Magazine: Receive National Geographic magazine's Photo of the Month newsletter, featuring photos from the current issue, desktop wallpapers, and more.
• National Geographic WildCams: Don't miss a minute of the animal action! Get news about current and upcoming WildCams, the best Cam photos, "Tech Talk," and more in National Geographic's Live From the Wild! newsletter.
• National Geographic Channel: Monthly Channel Highlights: Once a month you'll receive program highlights, alerts on upcoming specials, interactive features, and more.
• NG Channel This Week: Every week you'll get our prime-time program highlights.
• Entertainment: National Geographic Home Entertainment: Receive the latest news about National Geographic films, DVD promotions, DVD rentals, and more.
• National Geographic World Music: Once a month National Geographic offers you an update on all the latest news, tour info, album releases and more from your favorite artists from around the globe.
• Education: Education Update: Once a month, the newsletter of National Geographic's Education Network brings you time-saving tools—lesson plans, quick quizzes, news reports, and exclusive EdNet resources and opportunities.
• My Wonderful World: Make sure your kids are learning all they can about our world! Get tips and tools, ideas for family activities, links to great games, and more.
• The Genographic Project: Maps
• The Genographic Project: Receive the latest news on field research, Genographic stories, and highlights from the Genographic Project Web site.
• National Geographic Maps Store: Every other month you'll get updates about our newest maps, Map Store promotions, MapMachine features, and more.
• All Roads Film project: National Geographic All Roads Film Project showcases breakthrough film and still photography from indigenous and under represented minority cultures around the globe.

Das Archiv reicht zurück bis December 1997.

Adventure and Exploration Index
SUBJECT GUIDE: Adventure and Exploration Home Page | News Stories on Adventure and Exploration | Search Our Publications | Adventure Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions | Expert Advice | Ask the Expert: Climbing | Ask the Expert: Trail Sports | The Adventurer's Handbook | Expeditions Online | Andes Expedition and Mummy "Autopsy" | Ballard and The Black Sea: The Search for Noah's Flood | Blue Frontier: The Sustainable Seas Expeditions | Congo Trek: A Journey Through the Heart of Central Africa | DinoQuest: Sahara | Everest: Measure of a Mountain | Jannu: A Himalayan First Ascent | Kayaking Alaska's Aleutian Chain | Kayaking Vietnam's Dragon Coast | Outpost: In Search of Human Origins | Return to Midway | Special Features | Exploring Space Special-Issue Preview | At the Tomb of Tutankhamen | California Trails | Chiquibul: Colossal Cave in 360° | Exploring the Chesapeake: Then and Now | Megatransect—Congo Trek Across Africa | Pathways to Achievement | Polar Bears | The Open Road | The River Wild: Running the Selway | Trekking Nepal | Volvo Ocean Race | Photo Galleries | Amazon: The Yanomami | Bhutan: Trail to Shangri-La | Four Corners of Australia | Outbreak—Ebola | Sahara Crossing | The Rockies by Bike | Utah Mountain Biking | Yellowstone Backcountry | National Geographic Emerging Explorers | Andrew Zolli, Futurist | Cheryl Knott, Biological Anthropologist | Constance Adams, Space Architect | Constanza Ceruti, Anthropologist, Archaeologist | Elizabeth Lonsdorf, Primatologist | Jenny Daltry, Herpetologist | Jimmy Chin, Climber, Photographer | Kira Salek, Writer, Adventurer | Mark Olson, Plant Biologist | Spencer Wells, Geneticist, Anthropologist | Tierney Thys, Marine Biologist, Filmmaker | Tim Samaras, Severe Storms Researcher | Tyrone Hayes, Biologist, Herpetologist | Zeb Hogan, Ecologist, Photographer | Zeray Alemseged, Paleontologist | National Geographic Explorers-in-Residence | Johan Reinhard, High-Altitude Archaeologist | Meave and Louise Leakey, Paleoanthropologists | Paul Sereno, Paleontologist | Robert Ballard, Ocean Explorer | Sylvia Earle, Marine Biologist | Wade Davis, Anthropologist and Ethnobotanist | Zahi Hawass, Archaeologist | Adventurer Profiles | Conrad Anker, Everest Climber | David Quammen, Grand Canyon Kayaker | Doug Peacock, Grizzly Warrior | Eric Simonson, Everest Sleuth | Johan Reinhard, Andes Ironman | Michael Fay, Africa Explorer | Reinhold Messner, Yeti Hunter | Robert Young Pelton, Colombian Hostage | Robert Young Pelton, Inside Afghanistan | Robert Zubrin, Mars Pathfinder | Sebastian Junger, Under Fire | Tim Cahill, Lewis and Clark Tracker | Tom Clynes, Ebola Hunter

Animals Index
SUBJECT GUIDE: Animals and Nature Home Page | Animals Photos and Wallpapers | News Stories on Animals and Nature | Search Our Publications | U.S. Local Wildlife Guides | Amphibians and Reptiles (Crocodiles, Frogs, and Snakes) | Crocodile—Chasing Down the Cuban Crocodile | Crocodile—Croc and Roll | Crocodiles—Nile Crocodiles | Crocodilians—Interactive Map and More | Frogs | Snake—Borneo's Wild Gliders | Snake—Snake Island | SuperCroc | Turtle—Crittercam Chronicles | Turtle—Sea Turtles (Kids) | Birds | Attwater's Prairie-Chickens (Texas) | Eagles—Bald Eagles | New Zealand's Flightless Birds | Penguins—Emperor Penguins (Kids) | Dinosaurs | DinoQuest Sahara | Dinosaur Eggs | SuperCroc | Environment (Habitats, Plants, and More) | Amazon Forests Animals | Amazon River Animals | Habitats: The Growth of a Forest | Himalayan Forests Animals | Interactive Map: Southeast U.S. Rivers | Madagascar Forests Animals | Mesoamerican Reef Animals | Monterey Bay | Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Animals | Virtual Columbia River (Dam Impacts) | Virtual Rain Forest: Borneo by Night | Fish (Sharks and More) | Fish—Triggerfish | Shark Surfari Game | Shark—Crittercam Chronicles | Shark—Great White Shark | Shark—Tiger Shark | | For Kids | Amazing Animals—True Stories | Creature Feature Animal Profiles | Cuban Crocodiles | Cyber Tiger Game | Print 'n' Go Animal Pictures | Shark Surfari Game | Travel Bookings | Wildlife/Nature Trips With Our Experts | Animal Logo Gear | Mammals (Bats, Monkeys, Predators, Whales, and More) | Bats—Vampire Bats | Bears—Brown Bears | Camels | Caribou | Cats—Plans for Perfection | Cheetah—Creature Feature | Cheetah—Okavango Match the Tracks | Chimpanzees (Kids) | Coyotes (Kids) | Dolphins—Bottlenose Dolphins (Kids) | Elephants—African Elephants (Kids) | Giraffes (Kids) | Gorillas—Mountain Gorillas (Kids) | Guanacos (Kids) | Hedgehogs (Kids) | Hippopotamus—Okavango Sketchbook | Jaguars | Koalas (Kids) | Lemurs—Ring-Tailed Lemurs | Lion—Asia's Last Lions | Lions (Kids) | Meerkats | Monkeys—Gelada Monkeys | Orangutans (Kids) | Orcas (Killer Whales) | Otter—River Otters (Kids) | Otters | Pandas (Kids) | Polar Bears | Prairie Dogs—Underdogs: Prairie Dogs At Home | Rhinoceros—Black Rhinos (Kids) | Sea Lions—Steller Sea Lions | Seal—Crittercam Chronicles | Tiger—Cyber Tiger Game | Tiger—Eyes on Tiger | Tiger—Nick Nichols on Assignment | Tigers (Kids) | Warthogs (Kids) | Whale—Humpback Whales | Wolf—Geoguide: Wolves

Archaeology and Paleontology Index
News Stories on Archaeology and Paleontology | Search for Noah's Flood | Search Our Publications | Dinosaurs | DinoQuest: Sahara | Dinosaur Eggs | SuperCroc | Egypt | Mysteries of Egypt Movie Preview | At the Tomb of King Tutankhamen | How to Make a Mummy | King Tut Cartoon Factory (Kids) | Make Model Tomb (Kids) | Mummies Unmasked (Kids) | Mummy Road Show (TV) | Pyramids—Time Line, Cutaways, More | Quiz Game: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt (Kids) | Saqqara—Death on the Nile | Secrets of an Ancient World | Three Queens of Egypt | Inca | Ice Maiden Expedition and Virtual Autopsy | Ice Treasures of the Inca | Inca Mummies—Photos, News. More | Inca Mummy Rescue | Quiz Game: Inca Civilization (Kids) | Unwrap an Inca Mummy Bundle | Maya | Game: Secret of the Maya Glyphs (Kids) | Travel Bookings | Archaeology/History Trips With Our Experts | Into the Great Pyramid DVD | Other | Archaeology: Finding, Dating, and Interpreting Objects | In Search of Human Origins

Education Index
SUBJECT GUIDE: Education Home Page | Search for Lesson Plans | Search Our Publications | National Geographic Explorer Classroom Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions/Renewals | Geography Resources | Country and State Flags and Facts | MapMachine (Dynamic Maps) | Printer-Friendly Outline Maps | Xpeditions: Standards-Based Geography Site | Activities | Interactive Learning Museum | Lesson Plans | Printer-Friendly Outline Maps | Teacher Forum | U.S. Geography Standards | Activities and Games | National Geographic Explorer Magazine Games | National Geographic Kids Magazine Games | Continents Game | Education Outreach: Geography Action | GeoBee Quiz | GeoSpy Game | Kids Activities and Experiments Index | Kids E-Mail Postcards | Kids Games Index | Teacher Community | Educator E-Newsletter | Educators' Forum | Grants | Teacher Feature (Profiles of Educators) | U.S. Geography-Teacher Alliances | More Educational Resources | Geography Survey 2002 | Homework Help | Kids News | National Geographic Bee | National Geographic News

History Index
SUBJECT GUIDE: History and Culture Home Page | Search Our Publications | U.S. History | Alaska: The Great Land | Book Preview: Saving America's Treasures | Exploring the Chesapeake: Then and Now | Go West With Lewis and Clark (Kids) | Inside the White House | Lewis & Clark: Great Journey West | Pirates of the Whydah | Salem Witch Trials Interactive Experience | The Way West: The California Trails | Underground Railroad Interactive Experience | White House (Kids) | Historic Maps Online | Country and State Facts and Flags | MapMachine (Historical Maps) | Military History | Breaking the Sound Barrier (Chuck Yeager) | D-Day: Untold Stories | Hot Spot: Iraq—Maps, News, More | K-19 and Other Subs in Peril | Naval and Military Map of the U.S. (1862) | PT-109: JFK in World War II | World War II's Battle of Midway | World History | Andes Expedition and Inca Mummy "Autopsy" | At the Tomb of Tutankhamun | Egypt: Secrets of an Ancient World | European Union—The New Europe? | Expedition: Ancient Egypt | Game: Medieval Castle Ghosts (Kids) | Game: Pirates (Kids) | Genghis Khan | Ice Treasures of the Inca (Mummies) | Inca Mummy Bundle | Marco Polo | Mummy Road Show (TV) | Search for Noah's Flood | Search for the “Afghan Girl” | Silver Bank: Sunken Spanish Galleon

International Web Sites Index
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Kids Index
SUBJECT GUIDE: Kids Home Page | Search Our Publications | National Geographic Kids Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions | National Geographic Explorer Classroom Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions/Renewals | Homework/Project Resources | Animal Drawings | | Homework Help | Kids News | MapMachine | Printable Maps | Games and Interactive | National Geographic Explorer Magazine Games | National Geographic Kids Magazine Games | Asteroids | Columbia River Virtual World | Cyber Tiger | Full Games Index | GeoBee Challenge Quiz | GeoSpy Game | Go West With Lewis and Clark | Monterey Bay Kelp Forest Virtual Dive | Pirates | Rain Forest at Night Virtual World | Secret of the Maya Glyphs | Shark Surfari | Underground Railroad | Activities | Bookmark Factory | Cartoon Factory | E-Mail Postcards | Full Activities and Experiments Index | Geoguides: Digital Field Trips | Print 'n' Go Coloring Book | For Parents | Education Guide | Animal Features | A-Z Full List | Bears, Brown | Black Rhinoceroses | Cheetahs | Chimpanzees | Coyotes | Crocodiles | Dolphins | Elephants | Giraffes | Gorillas | Great White Shark | Guanacos | Hedgehogs | Hippopotamuses | Koalas | Lions | Orangutans | Orcas (Killer Whales) | Pandas | Penguins | Polar Bears | Przewalski's Horses | Red-Eyed Tree Frog | Ring-Tailed Lemurs | River Otters | Tigers | Vampire Bats | Warthogs

Magazines and Books Index
Search Our Publications | National Geographic Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions | Traveler Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions | Adventure Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions | National Geographic Little Kids Magazine | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Subscriptions | National Geographic Kids Magazine (formerly World) | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions | National Geographic Explorer Classroom Magazine(formerly National Geographic for Kids) | Current Online Issue | Customer Service | Previous Issues | Subscriptions/Renewals | Books | Descriptions of Current Titles | Online Bookstore

Maps and Geography Index
SUBJECT GUIDE: Maps and Geography Home Page | MapMachine Online Atlas | Easy-Print Black-and-White Maps | Geography Survey 2002 | MapMachine Online Atlas | Projections: Making Maps | Search Our Publications | Topographic Maps | Atlas of the World | Online Pages | Places in the News | Afghanistan: Land in Crisis | Country and State Facts | Iraq—Maps, News, More | Historical Maps | Lewis and Clark Journey | New York Underground | Astronomy Maps | Mars Map | Star Chart: Map of the Heavens | Virtual Solar System | Conservation Maps | Amazon Forests Ecoregion | Amazon River Ecoregion | Himalayan Forests Ecoregion | Madagascar Forests Ecoregion | Mesoamerican Reef Ecoregion | Southeastern U.S. Rivers Ecoregion | Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Ecoregion | Wild World Conservation Atlas | World of the Crocodilians | Games | Continents Game | GeoBee Challenge (Daily Trivia Quiz) | GeoSpy Game | For Educators | Geography Action Activities, Lesson Plans | Geography Awareness Week | Geography Standards-Based Activities | Geography Standards-Based Lesson Plans | Geography Teaching Alliances | National Geographic Bee | National Geography Standards

Nature and Conservation Index
Animals Index | News About Animals | News About Nature and Conservation | Search Our Publications | Habitats | Amazon Forests Ecoregion | Amazon River | | Cuban Reefs | Exploring the Chesapeake: Then and Now | Habitats: The Growth of a Forest | Himalayan Forests Ecoregion | Interactive Map: Southeast U.S. Rivers | Madagascar Forests Ecoregion | Mesoamerican Reef Ecoregion | Monterey Bay | New Zealand | Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Ecoregion | U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries | Virtual "Smart Growth" Suburb (Impacts of Sprawl) | Virtual Columbia River (Dam Impacts) | Virtual Rain Forest: Borneo by Night | Conservation | Congo Trek: A Year in Untamed Africa | Donations for Conservation | Floods and Dams | Geoguide: Dams | Ozone and Pollution | Sustainable Tourism Resource Center | Wild World Conservation Atlas | Games | Fantastic Forest | For Educators | Geography Action: Conservation | Geography Action: Habitats | Geography Action: Public Lands | Geography Action: Rivers

News Index
News Home Page—Top Stories | Press Room | Search Our Publications | News Archive by Subject | Adventure and Exploration | Animals and Nature | Archaeology and Paleontology | Environment | Kids News | People and Culture | Science and Technology | Travel | Special Series | Emerging Explorers | Out There: Explorers and Adventurers in the Field | Research, Conservation, and Exploration | Travel Watch

Parents Index
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Peoples and Cultures Index
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pa - Glossary of Mining Terms

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Richter scale, Richterskala (W3)

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usgs - Geonames
United States and Territories
U.S. Board on Geographic Names
Geographic Names Data Base

The U.S. Board on Geographic Names is a Federal body created in 1890 and established in its present form by Public Law in 1947 to maintain uniform geographic name usage throughout the Federal Government. The Board comprises representatives of Federal agencies concerned with geographic information, population, ecology, and management of public lands. Sharing its responsibilities with the Secretary of the Interior, the Board promulgates official geographic feature names with locative attributes as well as principles, policies, and procedures governing the use of domestic names, foreign names, Antarctic names, and undersea feature names.
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• Domestic Names: Search GNIS (includes FIPS55) | Download GNIS (includes FIPS55) | Principles, Policies, and Procedures | Minutes | Quarterly Review List | Propose or Change a Name | Compilation Status Map | FAQs
• Foreign Names
• Antarctic Names: Search | Antarctic Policy | Name Proposal Form
• Undersea Features
• Member Directory
• Links:

• Council of Geographic Names Authorities
• COGNA
• Geographic Names of Individual U.S. States
• Alabama Place Names Research Center
• Alaska Community Database
• Arizona State Board on Geographic and Historic Names
• California Advisory Committee On Geographic Names
• Colorado Place Names by County
• Connecticut State Library - Unique Connecticut Place Names
• The Delaware Geographic Names Committee
• Georgia Place Names
• Hawaii Board on Geographical Names
• Idaho GenWeb: Idaho Place Names Origins
• Iowa GenWeb: Iowa Place Names
• Kansas State Historical Society
• Kentucky Atlas & Gazetteer
• thecajuns.com: Louisiana History: Old and New Place Names
• Michigans Place Names
• Minnesota Place Names
• The Mississippi 1885 Atlas and Gazetteer
• Directory of Towns,Villages, and Hamlets Past and Present of Missouri
• Montana History: Place Names
• University of Nebraska: Nebraska Place Names
• Nevada State Board on Geographic Names
• The State of New Jersey Localities
• The New Mexico Geographic Names Information System
• New York State Library Genealogy
• Ohio Historical and Changed Name Locations
• Oklahoma Town Names
• Oregon Geographic Names
• Tennessee Place Names and Post Offices
• Texas: Borderlands Information Center Geographic Names
• Utah Committee On Geographic Names
• Virginia Geographic Names Information System
• Washington Place Names Database
• Place Names in West Virginia
• Wisconsin Geographic Names Council
• Wyoming Board of Geographic Names
• SCAR - Composite Gazetteer
• Australia - Antarctic Names and Gazetteer
• Bulgaria - Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer
• Germany - Geographical names of the Antarctic
• New Zealand - Frameworks of the New Zealand Geographic Board (pg_37)
• Norway - Norwegian Polar Institute
• United Kingdom - Antarctic Place-Names Committee
• Countries
• Australia
• National
• Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) Gazetteer of Australia
• Australian National Placenames Survey
• Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping
• State
• Geographical Names Board of NSW (New South Wales)
• Place Names in the Northern Territory
• Vicnames - Geographic Place Name Authentication (Victoria)
• Names and Places in Western Australia
• South Australian State Gazetteer
• Queensland Department of Natural Resources
• Belgium
• BELGIUM-ROOTS Project
• Canada
• National
• Canadian Geographical Names Data Base: English, French
• State
• Friends of Geographical Names of Alberta
• BC Geographical Names (British Columbia)
• Manitoba Geographical Names Program
• Place Names Database - PWNHC (Northwest Territories)
• Nova Scotia's Geographical Names
• Ontario Geographic Names Board Act
• Nunavut Planning Commission
• Commission de toponymie du Quebec (French only)
• China
• Chinese Historical Placenames
• Denmark
• Place Name in Denmark
• Estonia
• Place Names Board of Estonia
• Ireland
• The LOCUS Project
• New Zealand
• New Zealand Geographic Place-Names Database
• United Kingdom
• The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use
• Gazetteer of British Place Names
• Ordnance Survey
• Gazetteer for Scotland
• World
• Fuzzy Gazetteer
• National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) GEOnet Names Server (GNS)
• Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
• Planetary
• International Astronomical Union Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
• Other Related Federal Information Servers
• U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Gazetteer
• U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau's Mapping and Cartographic Resources
• Environmental Protection Agency Surf Your Watershed | Locate Your Watershed |
• Miscellaneous Geographic Name Sites
• American Name Society
• Alexandria Digital Library
• Arizona State University Place Name Servers on the Internet
• Coeur d'Alene Native Names Project
• Columbia Gazetteer
• GeoNative - To Preserve Native and Minority placenames
• The JewishGen ShtetlSeeker - Central and Eastern Europe
• Latin Place Names - Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• Toponymy Interest Group (PLANSUS)

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wolframalpha
Places & Geography

Maps & Projections

• generate maps of a specified country Argentina map
• generate a world map colored according to a given statistic life expectancy
• draw a map using a specified projection world Winkel Tripel projection

Geodesy & Navigation

• locate a point on Earth using latitude-longitude coordinates 55 deg 45' N, 37 deg 37' E
• compute the great-circle distance between points on the globe 23.5S 46.4W to 56.8N 60.6E
• find the coordinates of a city Algiers coordinates

Geocoding

• locate a ZIP code ZIP 60637
• locate an airport and get information about it Midway Airport
• look up your IP address and estimate your location Where am I?

Countries

• get information about a country France
• request a class of information about a country Peru geography
• rank countries 5 largest countries by area

Cities

• get information about a city Buenos Aires
• compare several cities New York, London, Tokyo
• do computations with city and country properties population Madrid / population Spain

Metro & Urban Areas

• get information about a metropolitan area Wichita metro area
• look up particular facts for an urban area population of the New York City urban area

US States

• get information about a US state Connecticut
• do computations with state properties (land area MA+CT+RI) / (land area NY state)

US Counties

• get information about a US county Cook County, Illinois
• compare several counties Orange County California, Orange County Florida

US Congressional Districts

• get information about a congressional district CA district 8
• find a district with geographic features US congressional district with largest water area fraction

ZIP Codes

• locate a ZIP code ZIP 60637
• compare ZIP codes ZIP 84101 vs ZIP 84105

Elevation Data

• find the elevation of a city elevation Chicago
• get elevation data near specified coordinates elevation around 46N 7E
• find minimum/maximum elevations for a country Russia lowest point

Oceans

• get information about an ocean Atlantic Ocean
• do computation with ocean properties area Pacific Ocean / Atlantic Ocean
• get current tide information tides Seattle

Undersea Features

• get information about an undersea feature Maro Reef
• compare several features Mariana Trench vs Kermadec Trench

Lakes

• get information about a lake Loch Ness
• compare several lakes Great Salt Lake, Lake Winnipeg
• do computations with lake properties surface area Lake Erie + Lake Huron + Lake Ontario

Rivers

• get information about a river Mississippi River
• compare several rivers Tigris, Euphrates
• do computations with river properties length Amazon / Nile

Waterfalls

• get information about a waterfall Bambarakanda Falls
• compare several waterfalls Niagara Falls, Yosemite Falls, Colonial Creek Falls
• do computations with waterfall properties width Victoria Falls / Iguacu Falls

Islands

• get information about an island Hispaniola
• get information about a group of islands Galapagos Islands
• do computations with island properties area Martha's Vineyard / Nantucket

Mountains

• get information about a mountain Mt Hood
• compare several mountains Mount Everest, Mount Kilimanjaro
• do computations with mountain properties height Mt Timpanogos / Mt McKinley

Volcanoes

• get information about a volcano Irruputuncu
• compare volcanoes Krakatau, Tambora

Deserts

• get information about a desert Gobi Desert
• do computations using desert properties area Gibson desert / Australia

Parks

• get information about a park, monument, or historic site Gettysburg Battlefield
• compare parks Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite National Park

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