2 mit a (W3)

• "b" -> "p"
• "d" -> "t"
• "g" -> "k" | "gw" -> "kw"

• "p" -> "f", "v"
• "t" -> "s", "z"
• "k" -> "ch", "h"

• engl. "amphitheatre"

2 mit b (W3)

• "b" -> "p"
• "d" -> "t"
• "g" -> "k" | "gw" -> "kw"

• "p" -> "f", "v"
• "t" -> "s", "z"
• "k" -> "ch", "h"

• engl. "balance" = dt. "Balance", vorlat. "*bilancia" = dt. "abwägen", "abschätzen", "zwischen zwei Möglichkeiten abwägen"
• engl. "barouche" = dt. "Kalesche" (vielleicht aus "bi" und vlat. "rusca" = dt. "Rinde" (?, unklar))
• engl. "between" = dt. "zwischen", "in der Mitte von beiden"
• engl. "betwixt" = dt. "dazwischen"
• engl. "bezel" = dt. "Einfassung", "Rosette", "Umrandung"
• engl. "bi-" = dt. "zwei-", "doppel-"
• engl. "bicycle" (1868) = dt. "Zweirad", zu frz. "bicycle", zu lat. "bi" = dt. "zwei" und griech. "kyklos" = dt. "Kreis", "Rad"
• engl. "bilateral" (1775) = dt. "zweiseitig", zu lat. "bi" = "zweifach" und lat. "latus", "lateris" = "Seite".
• engl. "binal" = dt. "???"
• engl. "binary" = dt. "binär", "Binär-", "Dual-", zu lat. "bis", "bi-", "bin-" = dt. "doppel", "doppelt", "zwei", "zweimal" und einem Adjektiv-Suffix
• engl. "binocle" = dt. "Binokel", lat. "bin" = dt. "zwei zu zwei" (lat. "bini" = dt. "je zwei" und lat. "oculus" = dt. "Auge")
• engl. "bis" = dt. "zweimal", "noch einmal"
• engl. "biscuit" = dt. "Keks", "Plätzchen", wörtlich dt. "zweimal Gebackenes", "zweimal Gekochtes"
• engl. "bistort" = dt. "Schlangenwurzel", "Natterwurz", wörtlich "???", von lat. "bis", "bi-" = dt. "zweimal"
• engl. "both"
• engl. "combination"
• engl. "combine" = dt. "vereinigen", "kombinieren", wörtlich etwa "zwei zusammen"
• engl. "pinochle" = dt. "Binokel", lat. "bin" = dt. "zwei zu zwei" (lat. "bini" = dt. "je zwei" und lat. "oculus" = dt. "Auge")

2 mit d (W3)

• "b" -> "p"
• "d" -> "t"
• "g" -> "k" | "gw" -> "kw"

• "p" -> "f", "v"
• "t" -> "s", "z"
• "k" -> "ch", "h"

• AL : alban. "dy"
• BA : bosn. "dva"
• BD : beng. "dui"
• BG : bulg. "dve"
• BY : belar. "dva"
• CZ : tschech. "dva"
• ES : galiz. "dous"
• ES : katal. "dos"
• ES : span. "dos"
• FR : frz. "deux"
• FR : kors. "due"
• GR : griech. "dyo"
• HR : kroat. "dva"
• IE : irisch "dhá"
• IN : beng. "dui"
• IN : hindi "do"
• IQ : kurd. "du"
• IR : kurd. "du"
• IT : ital. "due"
• LT : lit. "du"
• LV : lett. "divi"
• MK : mazed. "dva"
• PL : poln. "dwa"
• PT : port. "dois"
• RO : rum. "doua"
• RS : serb. "dva"
• RU : russ. "dva"
• SI : slowen. "dva"
• SK : slowak. "dva"
• TR : kurd. "du"
• UA : ukr. "dva"
• UK : gäl. "dhà"
• UK : schott. "dhà"
• UK : walis. "dwy"
• VA : lat. "duo"

• altwelsh "dou"
• engl. "anadiplosis" = dt. "Anadiplose", "Wiederholung des letzten Wortes eines Satzes am Anfang des folgenden Satzes"
• engl. "conduplicate" = dt. "Verdoppelung", lat. "duplex" = dt. "doppelt"
• engl. "deuce" = dt. "Zwei "
• engl. "deuterium"
• engl. "Deuteronomy"
• engl. "di-" - engl. "two", "double", "twice"
• engl. "di-" = dt. "zweimal", "doppelt", von griech. "dis", "di-" = dt. "zweimal"
• engl. "dia-"
• engl. "dichasium", "dicho-" = dt. "das Zweigablige", griech. "dikha", "zu zweien", griech. "dicházein" = dt. "zerteilen", "zweigabeliger"
• engl. "dichotomy"
• engl. "didymium" = dt. "doppelt", "gepaart", "Zwilling"
• engl. "didymous" = dt. "doppelt", "gepaart", "Zwilling"
• engl. "digraph"
• engl. "dimity"
• engl. "diode"
• engl. "dioxide"
• engl. "diphthong"
• engl. "diplo-" = dt. "zwiefach", "doppelt"
• engl. "diplodocus" = dt. "ausgestorbene Riesenechse" (aus griech. "diplo-" und griech. "dokós" = dt. "Balken"), griech. "diploos", "diplous" = dt. "zweifach", "zweizählig"
• engl. "diploe" = dt. "Bruch", "Spalte", wörtlich "Verdoppelung"
• engl. "diploid" = dt. "doppel"
• engl. "diploma" = dt. "Handschreiben auf zwei zusammengelegten Blättern", "Urkunde", wörtlich "zweifach Gefaltetes"
• engl. "diplomacy"
• engl. "diplomat"
• engl. "diplomatic"
• engl. "dodecagon" = dt. "Zwölfeck"
• engl. "double" = dt. "doppelt", "Doppel-", "zweifach", "gepaart"
• engl. "doublet" = dt. "Paar", "Dublette"
• engl. "doubloon" = dt. "Dublone" (spanische Goldmünze), wörtlich "Doppelstück"
• engl. "doubt" = dt. "Zweifel"
• engl. "dozen" = dt. "Dutzend", span. "docena", frz. "douzaine", ital. "dozzina"
• engl. "duad" = dt. "???"
• engl. "dual" = dt. "zweifach", "doppelt"
• engl. "dubious" = dt. "fragwürdig", "unreell", "unseriös", zu lat. "dubiosus" = dt. "zweifelhaft"
• engl. "dubitre" = dt. "im Zweifel sein", zu lat. "dubitare" = dt. "zweifeln", "bezweifeln"
• engl. "duet" = dt. "Duett" zu ital. "duetto", ital. "due" = dt. "zwei"
• engl. "duo"
• engl. "duodecimal" = dt. "Zwölfersystem", auch "zwölfter Teil", "Zwölftel"
• engl. "duple" = dt. "zweifach", lat. "duplus" = "doppelt"
• engl. "duplex" = dt. "doppelt", "Doppel"
• engl. "duplicate" = dt. "Duplikat", "doppeln", "duplizieren"
• engl. "duplicity" = dt. "Doppelzüngigkeit", "Falschheit", "Duplizität"
• engl. "duumvir" = dt. "einer der aus zwei Beamten bestehenden römischen Behörde für verschiedene Aufgaben" (vgl. "Duumvirat" = wörtlich "Zweimännerherrschaft", "Triumvirat" = wörtlich "Dreimännerherrschaft"), lat. "duo" = dt. "zwei"
• engl. "dyad" = dt. "Zweiheit", "aus zwei Einheiten"
• engl. "epididymis" = dt. "Hoden", wörtlich "die Doppelten", griech. "didumos" = dt. "doppelt", "die Hoden" (griech. "epí" = dt. "an", "auf", "darauf", "über", "daneben")
• engl. "hendiadys" = dt. "die Ausdruckskraft verstärkende Verbindung zweier synonymer Substantive oder Verben", griech. "duo" = dt. "zwei" (griech. "hèn dià dyoin" = dt. "eins durch zwei")
• engl. "pinochle"
• engl. "praseodymium"
• engl. "redoubtable" = dt. "Furcht einflößend", "gewaltig", lat. "dubius" = dt. "schwankend im Entschluss", "unschlüssig", "fraglich", "ungewiß", "zwischen zwei Alternativen schwanken"
• ide. "*dwo-"

"di-", "dicho-", "dich-" (Greek: number "two"; "twice", "divided", "double"; "unalike"; a number used as a prefix).

diadelphous | diarchy | dibrachia | dicephalous | dicephaly | dicheilia | dicheria | dichogamous | dichogamy | dichogeny | dichotic | dichotomy | dichroism | dichromatic | dichromatism | dichromic | dichromophil | dichromophilism | dicyclic | didactylism | didactylous | digametic | digamous | digamy | digastric | digenetic | diglossia | diglot | diglyph | digram | digraph | dihedral | dihysteria | dilemma | dimeter | dimorphic | dimorphism | dimorphobiotic | dimorphous | dioxide | diphonia | diphthong | diphyllous | diploid | diploma | dipodia | dipolar | Diptera | dipteral | Dipterocarpus | dipterous | dipteryx | dipus | disyllable | ditheism | dittograph | diurnal | divide | dizygotic |

2 mit p (W3)

• engl. "pair"

2 mit s (W3)

• engl. "secondary"

2 mit t (W3)

• DE : fries. "twa"
• DK : dän. "to"
• IS : isländ. "tveir"
• NL : ndl. "twee"
• NO : norw. "to"
• SE : schwed. "twa"
• UK : engl. "two"
• ZA : afrikaans "twee"

• altengl. "twa"
• altengl. "twegen"
• engl. "Mark Twain" ist ein Ausdruck, der von den Lotsen auf dem Mississippi benutzt wurde und bedeutet dt. "Zwei Faden Wassertiefe markieren". - Der US-amerikanische Schriftsteller "Mark Twain" hieß eigentlich "Samuel Langhorne Clemens" (30.11.1835 (Florida/Missouri) - 21.04.1910 (Redding/Connecticut)).
• engl. "twain" = dt. "zwei"
• engl. "twayblade" = dt. "???", von altengl. "twegen", germ. "*twa"
• engl. "twelfth" = dt. "zwölftel", von altengl. "twelfta"
• engl. "twelve" = dt. "zwölf", von altengl. "twelf", germ. "*twa-lif-" = engl. "two left (over from ten)" = dt. "zwei übrig über zehn" zu germ. "*-lif-" = engl. "left"
• engl. "twenty" = dt. "zwanzig", altengl. "twntig", germ. "*twegentig" = dt. "zweimal zehn" (germ. "*-tig" = dt. "zehn")
• engl. "twi-"
• engl. "twibill" = dt. "zweischneidige Streitaxt"
• engl. "twice" = dt. "zweimal", von altengl. "twige", "twiga", von germ. "*twiyes"
• engl. "twig" = dt. "Zweig", altengl. "twigge" = dt. "Zweig", germ. "*twiga", "*twigga" = dt. "Gabel"
• engl. "twilight" = dt. "Zwielicht", altengl. "twi-"
• engl. "twill" = dt. "Stoff(art)", altengl. "twilic" = dt. "aus zwei Fäden gewebt", germ. "*twilic-" = dt. "zeifädiger Stoff"
• engl. "twin" = dt. "Zwillings-", altengl. "twinn", "getwinn" = dt. "zwei zu zwei", germ. "*twisnaz" = dt. "doppelt"
• engl. "twine" = dt. "Bindfaden", "Schnur", "Zwirn", altengl. "twin" = dt. "doppelgängig", germ. "*twihna" = dt. "doppelgängig", "Zwirn"
• engl. "twist" = dt. "drehen", altengl. "-twist" = dt. "geteilter Gegenstand" (fork, rope), germ. "*twis"
• engl. "twixt", "betwixt" = dt. "dazwischen", altengl. "betweonum", "betweox", "betwix" = dt. "zwischen", germ. "*bi-twihna", "*bi-twisk" = dt. "in der Mitte (von zweien)" ("bi" = dt. "bei", "zu"
• engl. "two" = dt. "zwei", von altengl. "twa"
• engl. "twofold" = dt. "", ide. "*-plek-", "*-plo-" = dt. "falten", "gefaltet", "zweifach", "zweizählig"
• mengl. "twaste"

...
However, the most common English words beginning with "tw–" are of course those akin to the numeral "two". In Modern English, only the spelling reminds us that centuries ago "two" was pronounced with "tw-". (Despite my steady aversion to etymological spelling, I would perhaps retain "w" in "two", to preserve it affinity with "twelve", "twenty", "twin", "twilight", "twine", "twice", and "twain" ~ "Twain".)

"Twist" belongs here too. The noun designates a rope made of two threads, a "twirl", and refers to various distortions. Hence the verb "twist" = "to intertwine"; "curve"; "wring". Especially characteristic are the Germanic congeners of "twist": German "Zwist" ~ Low German "twist" = "quarrel", "discord"; Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish also have "tvist" (the same meaning). "Twig" = "a small shoot of a tree" seems to be akin to some words for "fork". If this is true, then a "twig" once denoted a forked branch, an object with two prongs. How it acquired its modern meaning remains unclear. German "Zweig" does not conjure up a picture of a tiny branch, though it is smaller than an Ast "bough". (Did Dickens hint to the vicissitudes in the fate of his hero when he called him "Twist"? After all, it was he, rather than Mr. Bumble, who invented the name.)
...

2 mit v (W3)

• DE : fries. "twa"
• DK : dän. "to"
• IS : isländ. "tveir"
• NL : ndl. "twee"
• NO : norw. "to"
• SE : schwed. "twa"
• UK : engl. "two"
• ZA : afrikaans "twee"

• engl. "vice admiral"

2 mit z (W3)

• "b" -> "p"
• "d" -> "t"
• "g" -> "k" | "gw" -> "kw"

• "p" -> "f", "v"
• "t" -> "s", "z"
• "k" -> "ch", "h"

• engl. "zwieback" - zu dt. "Zwieback"
• engl. "zwitterion" = dt. "chemische Verbindung, die sowohl eine Gruppe mit positiver als auch eine Gruppe mit negativer Ladung enthält", ahdt. "zwi-" = dt. "zweimal", germ. "*twi-"

bi- (W3)

"bi-"

word-forming element meaning "two", "having two", "twice", "double", "doubly", "twofold", "once every two", etc., from Latin "bi-" = "twice", "double", from Old Latin "dvi-" (cognate with Sanskrit "dvi-", Greek "di-", "dis-", Old English "twi-", German "zwei-" = "twice", "double"), from PIE root "*dwo-" = "two".

Nativized from 16c. Occasionally "bin-" before vowels; this form originated in French, not Latin, and might be partly based on or influenced by Latin "bini" = "twofold" (see "binary"). In chemical terms, it denotes two parts or equivalents of the substance referred to. Cognate with "twi-" and "di-" (1).

bicycle (W3)

Replica of the world's first bicycle A wooden hobby horse with metal rimmed wheels. Pedal operated cranks drive the rear wheel. Contributed by Museum

EG Bates - Racing/Touring Bicycle The racing bicycle is designed for speed and efficicency. The drop handlebars provide the rider with an aerodynamic ... Contributed by Individual

Collapsible Bicycle This collapsible bicycle was used by soldiers serving in France during the Second World War. The bike is still fully ... Contributed by Museum

Mark I Raleigh Chopper Bicycle A Mark I Raleigh Chopper with classic long seat, gear stick and U-shaped handlebars, a design classic of the 1970s. Contributed by Museum

Penny Farthing A penny farthing is a nickname for an old fashioned bicycle which had a large wheel at the front and a much smaller one ... Contributed by Museum

BICYCLE PROBABLY ONE OF THE GREATEST TRANSPORTING MACHINE EVER INVENTED BY MAN IN THE EARLY EIGHTEEN HUNDREDS AND IS NOW USED ... Contributed by Individual

Penny Farthing high wheel bicycle The Penny Farthing bicycle obtained its name from the penny and farthing coins of the time. The bike was made entirely ... Contributed by Museum

Knutsford bicycle siren The dawn of cycling provoked alarm among many small villages. Locals demanded that the courts impose restrictions on ... Contributed by Individual

Rover Safety Bicycle A two wheeled bicycle with a diamond shaped frame made of tubular steel. Contributed by Museum

"bicycle" (n.)

1868, from "bi-" = "two" + a Latinized form of Greek "kyklos" = "circle", "wheel" (see "cycle" (n.)), on the pattern of "tricycle"; both the word and the vehicle superseding earlier "velocipede".

The English word is said in some dictionaries to be probably not from French, but the 1868 citations are in a French context:

The velocipedes, about which the Parisians have run mad at the present moment, are of various kinds. ... The two wheel velocipedes, the "bicycles" as they are styled, are intended for the male sex only, and are by far the swiftest machines. ["Supplement to the Courant," Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16, 1868].

Pierre Lallement, employee of a French carriage works, improved Macmillan's 1839 pedal velocipede in 1865 and took the invention to America. See also pennyfarthing. As a verb, from 1869.

The "velocipede" of 1869 was worked by treadles operating cranks on the axle oi the front wheel. This was modified in the earliest form of the "bicycle" by greatly increasing the relative size of the driving-wheel and bringing the rider directly over it. Later the "safety" bicycle was introduced, in which the wheels were made of equal or nearly equal size, and for the direct action upon the front wheel was substituted indirect action upon the rear wheel, by means of a chain and sprocket-wheels .... [Century Dictionary]

also from 1868

• Bicycle Gearing
• Off-Road Bicycles
• Road Surface Dressing in the UK
• Vehicle Differentials
• The Wheel

• How to Fix a Bicycle Flat Tyre
• Bicycle Gearing
• British Touring Bicycles
• Recumbent Bikes - the Future is Laid-back
• The Wheel

Dedicated To The Enjoyment And Preservation Of Our Bicycling Heritage

Bicycles

• Map 79 Vehicles Exports
• Map 80 Vehicles Imports

bilateral (W3)

Bilateral Trade Relations

binary (W3)

Dezimalsystem	Dualsystem		Hexadezimalsystem
0000001		00000000 00000000 00000001	00 00 01
0000002		00000000 00000000 00000010	00 00 02
0000003		00000000 00000000 00000011	00 00 03
0000004		00000000 00000000 00000100	00 00 04
0000005		00000000 00000000 00000101	00 00 05
0000006		00000000 00000000 00000110	00 00 06
0000007		00000000 00000000 00000111	00 00 07
0000008		00000000 00000000 00001000	00 00 08
0000009		00000000 00000000 00001001	00 00 09
0000010		00000000 00000000 00001010	00 00 0A
0000011		00000000 00000000 00001011	00 00 0B
0000012		00000000 00000000 00001100	00 00 0C
0000013		00000000 00000000 00001101	00 00 0D
0000014		00000000 00000000 00001110	00 00 0E
0000015		00000000 00000000 00001111	00 00 0F
0000016		00000000 00000000 00010000	00 00 10
...
0000255		00000000 00000000 11111111	00 00 FF
...
65536		00000000 11111111 11111111	00 FF FF
...
16777215		11111111 11111111 11111111	FF FF FF

mit

255 	= 2*10^2 + 5*10^1 + 5*10^0
11111111 = 1*2^7 + 1*2^6 + 1*2^5 + 1*2^4 + 1*2^3 + 1*2^2 + 1*2^1 + 1*2^^0
FF	= 15*16^1 + 15*16^0

dilemma
lemma
false dilemma
horns of a dilemma (W3)

• •Manner/manor dilemma? Richard Gage
• •Manner/manor dilemma? Laurence Horn
• •Manner/manor dilemma? RonButters
• •Manner/manor dilemma? Steve Boatti

• •[Fwd: [Fwd: a publishing dilemma]] nathan & joanne kantrowitz
• •[Fwd: [Fwd: a publishing dilemma]] RonButters
• •[Fwd: [Fwd: a publishing dilemma]] Cynthia Bernstein
• •a publishing dilemma Gerald Cohen

• •Lexicographer's dilemma GEORGE THOMPSON
• •Lexicographer's dilemma Bruce Dykes

dilemma Tweet Definition of dilemma Like Definition of dilemma on Facebook noun A circumstance in which a choice must be made between two alternatives that seem equally undesirable. (disputed) A difficult circumstance or problem. (logic) A type of syllogism of the form "if A is true then B is true; if C is true then D is true; either A or C is true; therefore either B or D is true". Translations:

• French: dilemme
• German: Dilemma
• Spanish: dilema

Etymology:

First attested 1523, from "dilemma" Late Latin, "dilemma", from Ancient ("dilémma"), "double proposition", from ("di") + ("lémma"), "premise", "proposition"

"dilemma"

Meaning:

• 1. A choice between two (or, loosely, several) alternatives, which are usually unfavorable.
• 2. A difficult situation of any sort, a position of doubt or perplexity.

Notes: Since the original meaning limited the choices to two, a common phrase in which today's Good Word appears is 'horns of a dilemma'. Someone suggested "trilemma" for situations with three difficult choices, and it seems to have caught on. The adjective for this word is "dilemmatic". This word may also be used as a verb meaning "to place in a dilemmatic position". Notice the double M in this word. It does not contain an N: "dilemna".
...
Word History: Today's Good Word was taken from letter-for-letter from Late Latin "dilemma", that was borrowed from Greek "dilemma" = "double proposition". The Greek word is made up of "di-" = "two", "twice" + "lemma" (plural "lemmata") = "premise", "anything taken or construed". "Lemma" is a noun based on the verb "lambanein" = "to take", "to understand", as in an argument. This sense of take can be seen in the expression "I take it that you want something" or "to take something for granted". This sense of "take" is the origin of "mistake", as in "She mistakes me for her brother all the time." Greek "lemma" apparently arose from the PIE root "*lagw-", "*slagw-" = "to seize", "take", which ended up in English, minus the Fickle "S", as "latch" ["Klinke", "(Schnapp)Riegel"].

Kenneth G. Wilson (1923–). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. 1993.

dilemma (n.)

Since it begins with the Greek "di-", meaning "two", a "dilemma" is often said to have "two horns" (like an aggressive animal of some sort), and it still can mean (1) "in argument", "a choice between two equally likely alternatives to be used against your opponent", (2) "any choice between two equally unpleasant alternative actions", (3) "a choice between one pleasant and one unpleasant option", and (4) "the choice between any two alternatives". Thanks to generalization, however, it is also Standard meaning "any serious problem". Pronounce it "di-LEM-uh" or "dei-LEM-uh".

• dilemma (logic) - dilemma, in syllogistic, or traditional, logic, any one of several forms of inference in which there are two major premises of hypothetical form and a disjunctive (“either . . . or”) minor premise. For example: If we increase the price, sales will slump. If we decrease the quality, sales will ...
• security dilemma (international relations) - security dilemma, in political science, a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which ...
• The Doctor’s Dilemma (play by Shaw) - The Doctors Dilemma, drama in four acts and an epilogue by George Bernard Shaw, performed in 1906, in London, and published in 1911. The play ...
• dilemma tale (African literature) - dilemma tale, also called Judgment Tale, typically African form of short story whose ending is either open to conjecture or is morally ambiguous, thus allowing ...
• The technological dilemma from the article history of technology - Whatever the responses to modern technology, there can be no doubt that it presents contemporary society with a number of immediate problems that take the ...
• Prisoner’s dilemma models from the article arms race - The famous PD game is frequently applied to arms races between two countries. It is assumed that each country has a choice between a high ...
• Pay off your mortgage or invest: A homeowner’s dilemma - A mortgage is a big expense, but its only one part of your familys budget. Decisions about it need to be made in the context ...
• ...

dilemma

• ethical dilemma
• moral dilemma
• on the horns of a dilemma

...
WORD STORY FOR DILEMMA

The word "dilemma" combines "di-", a prefix meaning "two", with "lemma", meaning "a proposition", "theme", or "subject". Our world is filled with propositions, themes, and subjects—matters about which we have to make a variety of decisions as we move through life.

If we are forced to make a choice between two courses of action, or between doing something and not doing it, and if neither choice is a good one, we are in a dilemma in its primary sense—faced with a double bind, caught between Scylla and Charybdis, trapped between a rock and a hard place, and truly on the horns of a dilemma.

As we can see, the sense of "dilemma" that deals exclusively with two unpleasant alternatives is powerful enough to have engendered a good deal of descriptive language over the years. But in today’s complex environment, if people tell you they are in a "dilemma", you cannot be sure that their problem is restricted to two choices. They may be facing a situation of much greater complexity. While the first meaning is still the most common, the broadening of dilemma to include this more general sense of "any difficult or perplexing situation or problem", is an example of normal language growth. The first meaning of "dilemma", involving two choices, remains alive and well. But this broader meaning is not only common and acceptable, it is found in multiple examples of educated writing.
...

on the horns of a dilemma

Faced with two equally undesirable alternatives. For example, I'm on the horns of a dilemma: if I sell the house now I have no place to live, but if I wait I may not get as good a price. This term was first recorded about 1600, but the idea of being caught on either one horn or the other (of an animal) was already expressed in Roman times.

Dilemma

(a Guest Stars & Air Dates Guide)

"dilemma" (n.)

1520s in rhetoric, from Late Latin "dilemma", from Greek "dilemma" = "double proposition", a technical term in rhetoric, from "di-" = "two" (see "di-" (1)) + "lemma" = "premise", "anything received or taken", from root of "lambanein" = "to take".

A form of argument in which it is shown that whoever maintains a certain proposition must accept one or other of two alternative conclusions, and that each of these involves the denial of the proposition in question. [Century Dictionary]

Loosely, "choice between two undesirable alternatives", from 1580s. It should be used only of situations where someone is forced to choose between two alternatives, both unfavorable to him (the alternatives are called "the horns of a dilemma"). But even logicians disagree on whether certain situations are "dilemmas" or mere "syllogisms". Related: "Dilemmatic".

"di-" (1)

word-forming element of Greek origin meaning "two", "double", "twice", "twofold", from Greek "di-", shortened form of "dis" = "twice", which is related to "duo" = "two" and cognate with "bi-", from PIE root "*dwo-" = "two".

In chemistry it indicates a compound containing two units of the element or radical to which it is prefixed.

"lemma" (n.)

1560s, in mathematics, from Greek "lemma" (plural "lemmata") = "something received or taken"; "an argument"; "something taken for granted", from root of "lambanein" = "to take", from PIE root "*lagw-", "*slagw-" = "to seize", "take" (source also of Sanskrit "labhate", "rabhate" = "seizes"; Old English "læccan" = "to seize", "grasp"; Greek "lazomai" = "I take", "grasp"; Old Church Slavonic "leca" = "to catch", "snare"; Lithuanian "lobis" = "possession", "riches"). Related: "Lemmatical".

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• Machiavelli and the Moral Dilemma of Statecraft [89.2K]
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• The "Prisoner's Dilemma"

Gödel's Dilemma of Higher Axioms.

Volunteer's Dilemma

Dilemma

Be careful when using "dilemma" as a synonym for predicament. The "di" in "dilemma" (like "dichotomy" or "dioxide") indicates "two": if you have a "dilemma", it means you're facing two tough choices.

"Dilemma"

The "di" in "dilemma" (like "dichotomy" or "dioxide") indicates "two": if you have a "dilemma", it means you’re facing two tough choices. Do not use "dilemma" when all you mean is predicament.

Fowler: “The word is a term of logic, meaning an argument that forces an opponent to choose between two alternatives both unfavourable to him: he is … "on the horns of a dilemma", either of which will impale him.”

Shaw, Bernard, 1856-1950

• The Doctor's Dilemma (English) (as Author)
• The Doctor's Dilemma (English) (as Author)
• The Doctor's Dilemma: Preface on Doctors (English) (as Author)

Stretton, Hesba, 1832-1911

• The Doctor's Dilemma (English) (as Author)

Books and Literature: Weird Wizarding Dilemmas and Their Solutions

Guide to a variety of unusual magical situations and spells.



One of the books that Harry, Ron, and Hermione examined while preparing for the second task. It was the last book Hermione consulted before the Weasley twins arrived to escort her and Ron to see McGonagall prior to the task (GF26).

The book apparently discusses a spell for growing one's nose hair into ringlets, although we are not told whether that was a weird wizarding dilemma or a solution. (GF26)

Diner's Dilemma: What It is, How It Works, Example

Diamond Dilemma

The Diamond Dilemma consists of a large number of small triangular magnetic tiles, and a metallic board onto which the tiles should be placed. The board is a polyhedron with 10 faces which are regular triangles, like two five-sided pyramids stuck together. Each face can hold 16 of the magnetic tiles. The tiles have one or more lines on them, each connecting two of the sides, and they are supposed to be placed so that the lines join up exactly to form one long closed loop.
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"Weird Wizarding Dilemmas and Their Solutions" - A book in the Hogwarts library.

1523

alienor | aloof | anglice | aptly | arrière-ban | assailant | badger | bell metal | bourne | broken-winded | broody | call up | cap-a-pie | caveat emptor | chapeau | congratulatory | control | cottager | counterplea | crumbly | curtesy | daddy | declamation | "dilemma" | donee | ejectment | enregister | equip | estray | faller | Florentine | glanders | gratitude | handicraft | heighten | in between | jacquerie | jagged | kerf | lackey | mistune | paced | partly | pioneer | privity | promotive | provider | reconquer | red wheat | remarry | remunerate | rencontre | salesman | sampler | slot | surly | testy | Thalia | treasure trove | unplowed | verification | voucher | walleye | well-appointed | windrow | yourselves

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Etymology

Late Latin, from Late Greek "dilemmat-", "dilemma", probably back-formation from Greek "dilemmatos" involving two assumptions, from "di-" + "lemmat-", "lemma" assumption — more at "LEMMA"

First Known Use

1523, in the meaning defined at sense 3
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Limericks on "dilemma"

Limericks on "dilemmatic"

Limericks on "ethical dilemma"

Limericks on "false dilemma"

Shakespeare concordance: all instances of "dilemma"

dilemma occurs 1 time in 2 speeches within 2 works.

• All's Well That Ends Well (1)
• Merry Wives of Windsor (1)

dilemmas occurs 1 time in 1 speech within 1 work.

• All's Well That Ends Well (1)

The Oxford Comment podcast

Digital dilemmas: feminism, ethics, and the cultural implications of AI [podcast]

By Steven Filippi and Hope Jennings-Grounds

In episode 82 of The Oxford Comment, we discussed the ethics and cultural implications of artificial intelligence (AI) with scholars Kerry McInerney, Eleanor Drage, and Kanta Dihal

Constructive Dilemma (C.D.)
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Example: "If it's sunny tomorrow we'll have a picnic, and if it rains we'll go bowling. But either it will be sunny or it will rain tomorrow. Therefore, either we'll have a picnic or we'll go bowling."

The reliability of this pattern of reasoning is established by a truth-table.

Also see EB.

dilemma

A difficult choice between equally undesirable alternatives. In a disadvantageous rhetorical position, one is said to be impaled on the horns of a dilemma, but logicians employ "Constructive Dilemma" as a rule of inference.

Recommended Reading: Howard Kahane and Nancy Cavender, Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric (Wadsworth, 1997) and Douglas N. Walton, Informal Logic: A Handbook for Critical Argumentation (Cambridge, 1989).

Also see SEP on "moral dilemmas" and the "prisoner dilemma", EB, and IEP.

dilemma (n.): choice of action, alternative position

AW III.vi.69: [Parolles to Bertram] I will presently pen down my dilemmas

false dilemma (false dichotomy)

The "false dilemma" (or "false dichotomy") is a fallacy of reasoning that omits consideration of all reasonable alternatives. Sometimes called "the either-or fallacy", one poses what looks like a true dilemma - I must pick one or the other - when, in fact, there are other viable alternatives. (There can be "false trilemmas", etc.)

For example, if someone were to demonstrate apparent psychic abilities, one would commit the fallacy of "false dilemma" if one were to reason: Either she's a fraud or she is truly psychic, and she's not a fraud; so, she must be truly psychic.
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Moral Dilemmas

"dilemma"

Not just a posh word for decision. It suggests a choice between two difficult choices of action. Perhaps the best known dilemma is “to be or not to be”.

Spelling Dilemmas

By Kate Grady

The Translator's Dilemma — Implicatures and the role of the translator

By Antar Solhy Abdellah

Idiom: "Horns of a dilemma"

Meaning: If you are on the horns of a dilemma, you are faced with two equally unpleasant options and have to choose one.

Dilemma

Informally, a situation in which a decision must be made from several alternatives, none of which is obviously the optimal one. In formal logic, a dilemma is a specific type of argument using two conditional statements which may take the form of a constructive dilemma or a destructive dilemma.

SEE ALSO: "Constructive Dilemma", "Destructive Dilemma", "Monty Hall Problem", "Paradox", "Prisoner's Dilemma"

"false dilemma" – two alternatives set up as if they were the only options, when there are in fact middle-ground or other options. [also known as "bifurcation", black-and-white fallacy, either/or fallacy] Pithy sloganeering often uses the "false dilemma" (e.g., "America: Love it or leave it"), ignoring possible middle grounds.

It's useful to contrast "contrary" with "contradictory". If I say, "It's hot today", you contradict me if you simply deny, and say, "It's not hot" (one or the other of us is right). But to assert the contrary is to take the opposite position, "It's cold" (we each may be wrong). The "love it or leave it" slogan treats two contrary alternatives as if they were contradictory, with no other choice.
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• dilemma (2)
• dilemmas (2)
• dilemmated (1)
• dilemmatic (1)
• dilemmatical (1)
• dilemmating (1)
• dilemmic (1)

"lemma-" [singular], "lemmata-" [plural] (Greek > Latin: "to take" [something for granted]).

analemma:

A scale, found on some sundials and globes, that is shaped like a figure eight and marked to indicate the declinatin of the sun and to allow the calculation of apparent solar time. Originally from Greek "to take; to take up, support."

dilemma:

• 1. A situation in which someone must choose one of two unsatisfactory alternatives.
• 2. In logic, a form of reasoning that, though valid, leads to two undesirable alternatives.

lemma:

• 1. A proposition that is assumed to be true in order to test the validity of another proposition.
• 2. An assumption taken for granted; something received; assumption; premise.
• 3. A heading that indicates the topic of a work or passage.
• 4. In publications, a term that is defined in a glossary; the heading or theme of a scholium, annotation, or gloss.
• 5. In mathematics, a proposition assumed or demonstrated that is subsidiary to some other proposition.
• 6. The argument or subject of a literary composition, prefixed as a heading or title; also, a motto appended to a picture, etc.

lemmatize, lemmatized:

To sort (words as they occur in a text) so as to group together those that are inflected or variant forms of the same word.

pentalemma:

An argument analogous to a dilemma, involving five alternatives.

polylemma:

A complex syllogism resembling a dilemma but involving several alternatives.

tetralemma:

In logic, a position presenting four alternatives.

trilemma:

• 1. A situation, or (in Logic) a syllogism, of the nature of a dilemma, but involving three alternatives instead of two.
• 2. A situation offering three undesirable options.

"on the horns of a dilemma": having to make a difficult choice between two options.

Example: “Jane’s been offered a great new job, but it means moving to a new city away from all her family and friends, so she finds herself "on the horns of a dilemma".”

Dilemma
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There is no doubt about the correct spelling: the word is Greek, from "di-", "twice", plus "lemma", a "premise".
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Horns of a dilemma
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The original "dilemma" in rhetoric was a device by which you presented your opponent with two alternatives; it didn't matter which one he chose to respond to - either way he lost the argument. When you did this to your opponent you were said to present two horns to him, as of a bull, on either of which he might be impaled. As the scholar Nicholas Udall said in a translation of a work by Erasmus in 1548, it didn't matter to which of the two points a person made a direct answer, either way he would run on to the sharp point of the horn.

A famous example is that of John Morton, Lord Chancellor to Henry VII, a permanently hard-up monarch. Morton (who was also Archbishop of Canterbury at the time) was a brilliant extractor of forced loans - benevolences, as they were euphemistically called - through what is known as Morton's Fork. His ploy was to go to prominent people and ask them for money. If they were big spenders, then they must be rich, and could afford to give money to the King; if they spent little, then they must have a lot of money stashed away, and could well afford to give some to the king. That's a dilemma with really sharp horns: either way the unwilling donor was forced to cough up.

"dilemma"

A "dilemma" is a difficult choice, not just any difficulty or problem. Whether to invite your son’s mother to his high school graduation when your current wife hates her is a dilemma. Cleaning up after a hurricane is just a problem, though a difficult one.

"Dilemna" is a common misspelling of "dilemma".

Valentine Dilemma

"Dilemma" Definition
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"On The Horns Of A Dilemma" Definition
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Ethical Dilemma Examples

Nelly - Dilemma (Official Music Video) ft. Kelly Rowland

-duo- (W3)

• engl. "dual"
• engl. "duet", ital. "duetto"
• engl. "duologue"
• engl. "duopoly"
• engl. "duplex"
• engl. "duplic-, zu lat. "duplex", lat. "duo" und lat. "plicare" = dt. Falten"
• engl. "duplicate"
• engl. "duplicity"

doubt (W3)

• engl. "doubter" = dt. "Zweifler"
• engl. "doubtful" = dt. "zweifelhaft", "fraglich", "ungewiß"
• engl. "doubtfulness" = dt. "Zweifelhaftigkeit"
• engl. "doubtless" = dt. "zweifellos"
• engl. "undoubtedly" = dt. "zweifellos"
• lat. "dubitare" = engl. "to doubt"
• lat. "dubius" = engl. "doubtful"

"doubt" (v.) - c. 1200, "douten", "duten" = "to dread", "fear", "be afraid" (a sense now obsolete), from Old French "doter" = "doubt", "be doubtful"; "be afraid", from Latin "dubitare" = "to doubt", "question", "hesitate", "waver in opinion" (related to "dubius" = "uncertain"), from "duo" = "two" (from PIE root "*dwo-" = "two"), with a sense of "of two minds", "undecided between two things". Compare "dubious". Etymologically, "to have to choose between two things".
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The "-b-" was restored 14c.-16c. in French and English by scribes in imitation of Latin. French dropped it again in 17c., but English has retained it.

It replaced Old English "tweogan" (noun "twynung"), from "tweon" = "two", on notion of "of two minds" or "the choice between two" implied in Latin "dubitare". Compare German "Zweifel" = "doubt", from "zwei" = "two".

doubt (n.) - c. 1200, "doute" = "uncertainty with regard to the truth of something", from Old French "dote" (11c.) = "fear", "dread"; "doubt", from "doter" (see "doubt" (v.)).

The "-b-" was inserted later, as in the verb. Meaning "a matter of uncertainty" is from late 14c. Phrase "no doubt" = "without question", "certainly" is from c. 1400.

Als "No Doubt" 1996 vollkommen unerwartet mit ihrem Song "Don't Speak" an der Spitze der US-Charts landen, ist dies bereits das dritte Album, aber - "ohne Zweifel" - das bislang erfolgreichste der südkalifornischen Band. Kommentar der Sängerin Gwen Stefani zum Mega-Erfolg von "Tragic Kingdom": "Ich kann nicht glauben, dass das alles mit dieser Loser-Band passiert ist ...". Ein typischer Über-Nacht-Erfolg ist dies jedoch nicht: Langsam aber sicher hatten sich Front-Powerfrau Stefani, Bassist Tony Kanal, Gitarrist Tom Dumont und der Drummer Adrian Young eine immer größer werdende Fangemeinde geschaffen.
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Etymology

Verb and Noun

Middle English "douten", from Anglo-French "duter", "douter", from Latin "dubitare" = "to be in doubt"; akin to Latin "dubius" = "dubious"

First Known Use

Verb

13th century, in the meaning defined at transitive sense 3a

Noun

13th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2a
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Doubt

Jackson, Helen Hunt (1830 - 1885)

Original Text Helen Jackson, Poems (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1892), p. 141. PS 2107 P6 1892 ROBA
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mentalfloss.com
The Evolution of ‘Two’ in the Indo-European Language Family

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The Indo-European language family includes most of the languages of Europe as well as many languages in Asia. There is a long research tradition that has shown, though careful historical comparison, that languages spanning a huge linguistic and geographical range, from French to Greek to Russian to Hindi to Persian, are all related to each other and sprung from a common source, Proto-Indo-European. One of the techniques for studying the relationship of the different languages to each other is to look at the similarities between individual words and work out the sound changes that led from one language to the next.

This diagram, submitted to Reddit by user IronChestplate1, shows the word for two in various Indo-European languages. (The “proto” versions, marked with an asterisk, are hypothesized forms, built by working backward from historical evidence.) The languages cluster around certain common features, but the words are all strikingly similar, especially when you consider the words for "two" in languages outside the Indo-European family: "iki" (Turkish), "èjì" (Yoruba), "ni" (Japanese), "kaksi" (Finnish), etc. There are many possible forms "two" could take, but in this particular group of languages it is extremely limited. What are the chances of that happening by accident? Once you see it laid out like this, it doesn’t take much to "put *dwóh and *dwóh together".

second (W3)

twain
never the twain shall meet
Mark Twain
*dwo-
twilight
between
twine
twisting
doubt (W3)

Engl. "twain", Noun = engl. "two"

engl. "never the twain shall meet" = dt. "diese Zwei werden sich nie begegnen"

Notes: Rudyard Kipling must have been the last English speaker to use today's word as anything other than a name. He did so in his poem, The Ballad of East and West, which begins: "Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat." The phrase, "never the twain shall meet", however, has found a permanent place among our idiomatic phrases.

"Mark Twain"

In Play: The most famous play on this word was made by perhaps the greatest word-player of us all, Samuel [Langhorne] Clemens. As a boy, Clemens rode steamboats up and down the Mississippi, where sailing was safe in water two fathoms or more deep. The river boatmen who checked the depth would call out "mark twain" to alert the captain when their two-fathom-long lines struck bottom. He took that phrase as his pseudonym, Mark Twain.

Word History: PIE "*dwo-" = "two", which underlies today's word, shows up in Russian and Serbian "dva", German "zwei", Latin "duo", French "deux", Spanish "dos", Portuguese "dois", Hindi "do", and Nepalese "dui".

However, it also appears in words where you might not expect it: "twilight", of course, is when the two lights (day and night) meet.

The reason you can only be "between" two things (you must be "among" more than two) is the "tween" = "two" in the preposition.

Does it sound a little like "twine", the string made by "twisting" two threads together? No wonder.

Finally, "doubt" is the result of French twitching Latin "dubitare" = "to waver", that's right, between two choices.

Dr. Goodword, alphaDictionary.com

"twain" (n.)

Old English "twegen" = "two" (masc. nominative and accusative), from Proto-Germanic "*twa-" = "two", from PIE root "*dwo-" = "two". It corresponds to Old Frisian "twene", Dutch "twee", Old High German "zwene", Danish "tvende". The word outlasted the breakdown of gender in Middle English and survived as a secondary form of "two", especially in cases where the numeral follows a noun. Its continuation into modern times was aided by its use in KJV and the Marriage Service, in poetry (where it is a useful rhyme word), and in oral use where it is necessary to be clear that "two" and not "to" or "too" is meant. In U.S. nautical use as "a depth of two fathoms" from 1799.

twist (W3)

Intermediate+ Word of the Day: "twist"

April 4, 2022

"twist" (verb, noun) /tw?st/ LISTEN

Two wires twisted together

As a verb, "twist" means "to change the shape of something by turning it" or "to wrap something around something else". It also means "to turn your body" or "to turn something from one direction to another". Figuratively, "to twist" also means "to distort the meaning of something". As a noun, a "twist" is a sudden change of direction or the act of "twisting" something around a point.

Example sentences

• Brenden is a nervous person and likes to twist paper clips while he is on the phone at work.
• I twisted the dental floss around my finger.
• Mike heard someone calling him and he twisted around to see who it was.
• I didn't want to wake up the kids so I twisted the doorknob really slowly when I came in.
• The newspaper twisted the singer's words to make it seem like she didn't like her fans, but it wasn't really true.
• The road had many twists and I had to drive carefully.
• Give those screws one more twist to make sure they don't fall off.

Words often used with "twist"

"twist someone’s arm" (expression): to persuade or force someone to do something they don’t want to do. Example: “I didn’t want to go to the show, but they twisted my arm.”

"twist off" (phrasal verb, separable): to pull something off by turning it. Example: “It took a lot of strength to twist the lid off that jar.”

In pop culture

A "twister", mainly in US English, is an informal name for a tornado, because the column of wind twists as it moves. You can see the trailer for the 1996 movie Twister here:

Did you know?

The "twist" is also the name of a popular dance from the early 1960s, but that wasn’t actually the first time a dance had that name. There was a dance called "the twist" in the 1890s, and then another in the 1920s. Here’s a compilation of people dancing the twist (the 1960s version), set to Chubby Checker’s song, "The Twist":

Additional information

As a noun, a "twist" is also an unexpected development in the plot of a film or a book. Example: “It’s a great film; the twist at the end came as a real surprise!”

Other forms

"twistable" (adjective), "twistability" (noun), "twistedly" (adverb), "twistingly" (adverb)

Origin

"Twist", meaning "the flat part of a hinge" (a sense that is now obsolete) dates back to the early 14th century, as the Middle English noun "twist". It evolved, however, from the Old English suffix "–twist", which meant "divided object", "rope" or "fork", and could be found in words such as "mæsttwist" ("mast rope") or "candeltwist" ("wick"), so some linguists prefer to say that it dates back to before the year 900, and its original sense was "rope made of two strands". It can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic root "twis–" and the Proto-Indo-European root "dwo–" ("two"). Twist is related to the Old Norse "tvistra" ("to divide or separate"), the Gothic "twis–" ("in two" or "asunder"), the Dutch "twist" and the German "Zwist" (both meaning "quarrel" or "discord"), the Swedish "tvist" ("quarrel" or "dispute"), Icelandic "tvistur" ("deuce"), as well as the Sanskrit "dvau", Avestan "dva", Greek "duo", Latin "duo", Old Welsh "dou", Lithuanian "dvi", Old Church Slavonic "duva", Old English "twa", "twegen", German "zwei", and Gothic "twai" (all meaning "two"), many modern European-language words meaning "two", and English words such as "balance", "between", "binary", "biscuit", "combination", "deuce", "diode", "diploma", "diplomat", "double", "doubt", "dozen", "dubious", "duet", "duplicate", "twain", "twelve", "twenty", "twig", "twilight", "twin" and "two". In its modern version, the sense "a thread or cord made of two or more fibers" first appeared in the mid-16th century, while "the action of turning on an axis" is from the late 16th century. The sense "unexpected plot development" was first used in the 1940s. The verb, originally meaning "to wring", also dates back to the 14th century, and comes from the noun. There are, however, earlier recordings, from around the year 1200 of the past tense ("twaste" in Middle English), so some linguists believe that it, like the noun, may be older. The sense "to spin two or more strands of fiber into thread" dates back to the late 15th century, and "to move in a winding fashion" is from the early 17th century. The expression "to twist someone’s arm" is from the 1940s.

See full definition

twist

Miller, Frederic P. (Hrsg.)
Vandome, Agnes F. (Hrsg.)
McBrewster, John (Hrsg.)
Biscuit

kartoniert
ISBN: 6130257708
EAN: 9786130257705
Paperback.
Sprache: Englisch.
Alphascript Publishing

Leavening agent, Baking powder, British English, American English, Etymology, Middle French, Latin, Biscotti, German language, Zwieback, Rusk, Cookie, Royal Navy, Hardtack, List of food companies.

Januar 2010 - kartoniert - 124 Seiten

Klappentext

A "biscuit" is a kind of small, flat-baked bread product that is usually made with a chemical leavener such as baking powder. The exact meaning varies markedly in different parts of the world, and the meanings in British English and American English are quite distinct. The origin of the word "biscuit" is from Latin via Middle French and means "cooked twice", hence "biscotti" in Medieval Italian. In modern Italian usage the term "biscotto" is used to refer to any type of cookie, but not a savory cracker. Some of the original biscuits were British naval hard tack; such hard tack was made in the United States through the 19th century. Throughout most of the world, the term "biscuit" still means a hard, crisp, brittle bread, except in the United States and Canada, where it now denotes a softer bread product baked only once. The word "biscuit" transliterated into Russian or Ukrainian has come to mean "sponge cake".